Dr N�ria Miret Roig's thesis presents the discovery of about a hundred new free-floating planets FFPs in the region encompassed by the Upper Scorpius stellar OB association and the Ophiuchus star-forming region. This sample is the largest ever discovered and constitutes an important step in setting the FFPs class and uncovering the origins and characteristics of these mysterious galactic nomads.

Miret Roig demonstrated, for the first time, that the gravitational collapse of small clouds alone cannot explain the large fraction of observed FFPs. Instead, Dr. Miret-Roig thesis showed that an important fraction formed like planets but were ejected due to dynamical interactions.

Dr Miret Roig led an international team to combine images in public astronomical archives with new deep wide-field observations obtained with the best infrared and optical telescopes in the world, to measure proper motions and photometry of tens of millions of sources in a large area of the sky square degrees.

Miret-Roig used modern statistical and data mining techniques to identify the few thousands of stars and planets belonging to the young stellar association against the millions of background stars and galaxies.

Additionally, she presented a new methodology to determine the ages of young stellar associations based on their kinematics, in particular stemming from Gaia data. Dr Miret Roig has finished her PhD in three years with five articles as first author in high impact reviews.

The PhD thesis of Núria Miret-Roig was conducted at the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux France , under the supervision of Prof. Herv� Bouy and Dr Javier Olivares.

for the development of novel laser frequency combs for the accurate calibration and extreme radial velocity-precision of astronomical spectrographs. Dr Ewelina Obrzud graduated from the University of Geneva, Switzerland with a Master degree in Physics specialisation in Astrophysics , and obtained in an interdisciplinary doctoral thesis extra-solar planets and instrumentation from the same university in collaboration with the Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique CSEM , focussing on building and demonstrating alternatives for the existing laser frequency comb systems for astronomy.

The quality of her thesis led her to be granted the Edith Alice M�ller Award in by the Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy. In her PhD, Dr Obrzud developed two novel laser frequency combs for a precise and accurate calibration of extreme-radial-velocity-precision astronomical spectrographs.

The first system, the electro-optic frequency comb, is characterized by an all-optical fibre-based design and simple architecture. The second system is based on dissipative Kerr soliton generation in optical microresonators.

She extended the scope of her work to a technique for frequency comb generation in the visible wavelength range, with a novel technique relying on triple-sum frequency generation in a nonlinear optical waveguide.

Dr Obrzud's work resulted in several peer-reviewed publications, four of them as first author, two of which in a Nature sub-journal. She also participated to international topical conferences and presented her results through talks and posters in conferences and workshops related to precise radial-velocity measurements and high-fidelity spectroscopy.

Dr Obrzud's thesis work offers interesting solutions and concrete perspectives for the improvement of existing and future extreme-precision spectrographs for astronomy.

While guided by the astronomical application, Dr Obrzud's work also attracted the attention of a wider interdisciplinary community including in particular those concerned with optical precision spectroscopy and nonlinear microphotonics.

The PhD thesis of Ewelina Obrzud was conducted at the Centre Suisse d'Electronique et Microtechnique CSEM in Neuch�tel and at the Department of Astronomy of the University of Geneva, under the supervision of Prof.

Francesco Pepe, Dr Fran�ois Wildi, and Dr Tobias Herr. for ground-breaking contributions in stellar astrophysics, including dynamo theory, predictions of solar flares and pioneering work on star-exoplanet interactions.

After fundamental studies in ENSTA-ParisTech, Antoine Strugarek obtained an MSc in Physics and Applied Maths. He then obtained a PhD joint between CEA Astrophysics Dept.

and Fusion Dept. The creativity and robustness of his broad work was recognized as the best PhD in by the French Astronomical Society. He then moved to Canada, where he was awarded a CITA fellowship and a fellowship from Québec.

He then came back to France to prepare the exploitation of Solar Orbiter In , he moved as a tenured researcher to the Dept. of Astrophysics of CEA Paris-Saclay to work on the Sun, stars and their interactions with exo-planets. Strugarek, is a highly-recognized expert on several topics: turbulent plasma confinement and turbulent dynamos, evolution of magnetism in star-planet systems, solar flare prediction and evolution.

Dr Antoine Strugarek tackled the difficult problem of magnetic confinement of turbulent plasmas using ambitious giro-kinetic simulations.

He performed, with Prof. Jean-Paul Zahn, the first 3D global MHD model of the Sun from deep inside the radiative zone all the way to the surface. His key results include the proof that turbulence can be controlled by acting on the temperature gradient, improving the stability of Tokamak plasmas, and the fact that magnetic fields cannot prevent the spread of the solar tachocline contrary to horizontal turbulence.

Dr Strugarek led an unprecedented study of stellar dynamos. He conducted a coherent suite of convective dynamo simulations, spanning several effective temperatures and Rossby numbers, to measure the influence of rotation and stellar mass on magnetic field generation, which allowed him to derive scaling laws for stellar magnetism, and reconciled theoretical understanding of solar and stellar magnetic cycles.

He also worked on a forecasting model for solar flares, based on self-organized critical models. His research was furthermore at the heart of the preparation to exploit the ESA Solar Orbiter, focusing on the how the Sun controls heliosphere. The work of Dr Antoine Strugarek has been conducted at CEA and CNES, France, and University of Montréal, Canada.

for the investigation of the extremes of stellar explosions, providing a pioneering contribution to their understanding and their role in astronomy and astrophysics. Dr Inserra obtained his PhD in from the University of Catania. He moved as Postdoc to Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom where he was awarded the Royal Astronomical Society Winton Capital Award He moved to the University of Southampton in , and then in to Cardiff University as Lecturer.

His research strengths and cross-disciplinary skills led him to hold the Deputy Director of Research position at the School of Physics and Astronomy at Cardiff University, and that of Ambassador at the Data Intensive Research Institute in Cardiff.

Dr Cosimo Inserra's work has had a significant impact on time-domain astrophysics, cosmology and machine learning applied to astronomy.

His seminal paper, that is still shaping the transient astronomy field presented the first sample analysis of a newly-discovered class of supernovae that defied previous knowledge of supernova explosions. He showed that the characteristic observational evidence of a supernova explosion could be reproduced by the energy deposition of a newborn magnetar.

This investigation has been pivotal in the understanding of this new class of supernovae, which usually explode in low-metallicity, star-forming galaxies and are among the brightest explosions.

Dr Inserra has obtained pioneering work in different fields. He discovered a twin class of superluminous supernovae.

The findings leading to the geometrical shape and the cosmological usefulness of superluminous supernovae have been pivotal studies expanding the frontier of cosmic explosions and opening a plethora of synergies with stellar and universe evolution over cosmic time up to z~ He is a member of the Euclid Consortium leading the science area of the extremes of the supernova population, as well as a UK Principal Investigator and UK point of contact for Transient and Variable Stars science of the LSST Consortium at the Vera Rubin Observatory.

The work of Dr Cosimo Inserra has been conducted at Queens University Belfast, the University of Southampton and Cardiff University, United Kingdom. Judit Szulágyi ETH Z�rich, Switzerland. for her fundamental contribution to the study of circumplanetary disks in planet formation, and the origin of the moons of giant planets.

Judit Szulágyi obtained a Master in Astronomy from E�tv�s Loránd University, Hungary and then her PhD from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis at the Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur in Shen then moved to ETH Z�rich as postdoctoral fellow.

In she was awarded an Ambizione Fellowship at the University of Z�rich, until she returned in to ETH Z�rich with an ERC starting grant.

Szulágyi was listed on Forbes Europe "30 under 30 in Science" and obtained several prizes in Hungary and the Pro Scientia Golden Medal from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Her main topic is the study of circumplanetary disks and exomoon formation.

Judit Szulágyi has become a leading export of the rapidly developing research field of circumplanetary disks and in-situ moon formation. She conjugates deep theoretical and computational insight with the pragmatic attitude of a phenomenologist who delivers testable predictions for circumplanetary disk observations, and to guide the new exciting endeavor of exomoon detection.

The whole notion of circumplanetary disks of gas and dust being a natural outcome of the planet formation process, both in core accretion and in disk instability, is new in exoplanet theory. Its implications for understanding the growth of massive planets owes a lot to Prof.

Szulágyi's work. This is one of the very few important conceptual additions to the conventional core accretion formation scenario. Szulágyi has been among the first scientists to describe the meridional circulation in circumplanetary disks, which she discovered in her hydrodynamical simulations, and which receives now observational support.

Szulágyi is also working actively with observers using mock observations of her simulations to guide observational strategies to detect such disks around young planets, and interpret information contained in the observations, e.

Moreover, recently observations of a circumplanetary disk have matched predictions by Szulágyi, and in general her ALMA dust continuum mocks correctly guided observers to discover new circumplanetary disks. Szulágyi has been conducted at the Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, France, ETH Z�rich and University of Z�rich, Switzerland.

for fundamental contributions to the physics of the interstellar medium and the process of star formation. He studied Physics at the University of Ioannina and in he graduated with a master's degree in Astrophysics from the University College of London. He obtained his PhD at the University of Crete - where he worked on the physics of star formation, astrochemistry, and molecular line radiative transfer.

He is a member of the SPICA collaboration aiming to launch the cryogenic infrared satellite for the ESA M5 slot. Dr Tritsis studied a wide range of physical processes, from interstellar chemistry to cloud dynamics and radiative transfer.

He made fundamental contributions to the understanding of the physical origin of striations quasi-periodic, ordered structures in the low-density parts of otherwise chaotic-looking interstellar clouds.

He demonstrated that striations are the result of magnetosonic waves, and he confirmed the predictions of this model by discovering normal modes that have been set up in an isolated cloud, the Musca molecular cloud, by these waves.

In a highly surprising and impactful discovery, he used these normal modes to reconstruct the 3-dimensional shape of Musca. Tritsis showed that Musca is pancake-like, a sheet seen edge-on. This work received world-wide attention, both by scientists and the general public.

Using hydrodynamical numerical simulations coupled with the largest chemical network to date species, 14, reactions, gas and grain species , Tritsis identified the best molecules to probe the true 3D shape of cloud cores. He used it to post process the results of his MHD simulations of star forming regions to compare with observations.

He is currently using this method to create a 3D atlas of the magnetic field strength in the Milky Way. The PhD thesis of Aris Tritsis was conducted at the University of Crete under the supervision of Prof. Konstantinos Tassis. He was also member of the Astrophysics Group at the Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser of the Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas.

for spectacular results that have transformed the way we see and understand distant galaxies across time. Dr Jorryt Matthee obtained his BSc degree from Utrecht on the observability of multiple stellar generations in globular clusters.

He continued his studies at Leiden, where he got his MSc Cum Laude in Jorryt was then awarded a prestigious Huygens PhD fellowship by Leiden University to work on his own research project at Sterrewacht Leiden, combining observational studies of distant galaxies and theoretical analysis.

Dr Matthee's thesis in late received the prize for best PhD thesis in the Leiden Science Faculty, and was distinguished by the IAU PhD Prize for Division J: Galaxies and Cosmology.

Jorryt Matthee currently holds a Zwicky fellowship on extragalactic astrophysics at ETH Z�rich, using emission lines to study the early formation of distant galaxies with ground and space observatories. Dr Matthee, furthermore, make use of state-of-the-art cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to understand which physical mechanisms make galaxies different and cause the scatter in galaxy scaling relations.

Dr Jorryt Matthee's thesis presents spectacular results in 11 first-author papers that have transformed the way we see and understand distant galaxies across time.

His own state-of-the-art observations with ALMA, Hubble and the VLT revealed that very distant galaxies are complex, actively assembling systems. Jorryt discovered some of the brightest distant galaxies and has also investigated the co-evolution of dark matter halos and galaxies in the state-of-the-art cosmological EAGLE simulation.

Dr Matthee discovered some of the brightest distant galaxies and showed that they are much more common than previously thought, with important consequences for future space missions like Euclid.

Jorryt's PhD work also mapped, dissected and discussed how galaxies have evolved over the first few billion years of the Universe and how they have played a key role in dissipating the cosmic fog during the epoch of re-ionisation, including the first direct observation of a galaxy ionising the surrounding inter-galactic medium.

With numerical simulations, Dr Matthee found new interesting relations between the growth of galaxies and their alpha-enhancement, which future observations will test, and he was able to shed unique light in the so-called 'galaxy main-sequence'.

The PhD thesis of Jorryt Matthee was conducted at Leiden University, under the supervision of Profs. Huub R�ttgering, Joop Schaye, and Dr David Sobral. for her leadership and creative work in instrumentation, from the conceptual design and the feasibility study to the final integration and verification, both in the laboratory and at the telescope, related to the instrument PANIC.

Concepción Cárdenas graduated in Physics at the University of Granada and began working in at the Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia IAA-CSIC, Spain in the Instrumental and Technological Development Unit, as optical engineer until Always interested in getting a PhD, she conducted a master degree, simultaneously to her job between and As part of the IAA team for the development of new instrumentation for Calar Alto Observatory, she was appointed as the responsible of the optical package of PANIC in and of the infrared channel of the spectrograph CARMENES, in While developing PANIC, she restarted her PhD activities simultaneously to her job at IAA, and defended her thesis in December She was awarded the prize for the best Spanish PhD in Instrumentation, Computing and Technological Development in Astronomy and Astrophysics from the Spanish Astronomical Society.

She moved in early to the Max-Plack Institut f�r Astronomie Germany as Senior Optical Engineer with responsibilities on several instruments for the European Extremely Large Telescope. Dr Concepción Cárdenas described in her thesis the complete development of an astronomical instrument, PANIC Panoramic Near-Infrared Camera , from the conceptual design and the feasibility study to the final integration and verification, either in the laboratory as well as at the telescopes, following all the standard processes and exhaustive design revisions.

Her thesis can be considered as a very good text book for students in the instrumental fields due to the rigor in the methodology, the achievement of all specifications and goals, with a scrupulous verification. Her thesis work on PANIC was carried out in parallel with all the activities required to the optical team at IAA, to the CARMENES project Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exoearths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs , and with fulfilling her daily charges for an Optical Laboratory and the Observatory of Sierra Nevada.

The PhD thesis of M. Concepción Cárdenas Vázquez was conducted at IAA-CSIC under the supervision of Dr Julio F. Rodríguez Gómez and presented at the Univ.

of Granada. for pioneering contributions to exoplanetary science, particularly in advancing the frontiers of atmospheric characterisation of exoplanets. Nikku Madhusudhan is a Reader in Astrophysics and Exoplanetary Science at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Cambridge.

He pursued his undergraduate studies in Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, India. He moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT where he obtained a master degree in engineering in and a PhD in Physics astrophysics in He then pursued postdoctoral research at MIT , Princeton University , and Yale University where he was the Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics Prize Postdoctoral Fellow.

In October , he joined the University of Cambridge as Lecturer, and was promoted in to Reader. He was awarded the prestigious Bappu Gold Medal in Astrophysics for by the Astronomical Society of India and the Young Scientist Medal of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Commission on Astrophysics.

His research interests span a wide range of theoretical topics in exoplanetary science, including exoplanetary atmospheres, interiors, and planetary formation. Nikku Madhusudhan has made pioneering contributions to exoplanetary science which include precise chemical characterization of exoplanetary atmospheres, detailed studies of atmospheric and interior processes, and using exoplanetary compositions as tracers of their formation mechanisms.

His recent studies have led to major advances in exoplanetary science in three frontier areas: 1 high-precision chemical characterisation of exoplanetary atmospheres using state-of-the-art observations, 2 detailed constraints on exoplanetary atmospheric processes, and 3 new approaches to constrain exoplanetary formation and migration pathways using their atmospheric abundances.

The pioneering work by Nikku Madhusudhan in the last five years was conducted at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Prior to , his seminal research was carried out in the USA. for investigations of the Transient Radio Sky and the discovery of the second Lorimer burst, now known as Fast Radio Bursts.

Evan Keane did his undergraduate studies at the National University of Ireland, Galway, before undertaking a Masters as a scholarship student at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge.

He then did his PhD at the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics in the University of Manchester. His thesis won the Springer Thesis Prize. He then worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institut f�r Radioastronomie in Bonn and later as Senior Postdoctoral Fellow and Dynamic Theme Scientist for CAASTRO Australian Research Council?

s Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics at the Swinburne University of Technology. Since he is Project Scientist for the SKA Organisation. His research focuses on searching for radio transients and using them to understand fundamental questions of physics.

He has discovered numerous pulsars and rotating radio transients and in discovered the second "Lorimer burst", events now known as "fast radio bursts" FRBs. His current role involves ensuring the SKA will achieve all its scientific objectives in transient, pulsar, VLBI, solar and cosmic ray science.

Evan Keane has made significant contributions to developing and improving techniques to discover new pulsars, and determined timing solutions for challenging pulsars.

He was part of the team that discovered the first Galactic Centre radio pulsar. Evan did the first systematic analysis of all known fast radio bursts, precipitating the Fast Radio Burst Catalogue FRBCAT. Evan leads the Survey for Pulsars and Extragalactic Radio Bursts SUPERB project, a large-scale real-time accelerated pulsar and fast transient search programme with the Parkes telescope in Australia.

Evan Keane led the main SKA science case chapter for pulsars, describing the pulsar search yield, optimal search strategies and the science questions that can be addressed by the SKA, such as tests of General Relativity and alternative theories of gravity, gravitational wave astronomy with pulsar timing arrays and physics at super-nuclear density within neutron star interiors using pulsar timing.

This work has been conducted at the Square Kilometer Array Organisation, United Kingdom, and at the Max Planck Institut f�r Radioastronomie, Germany and Swinburne University of Technology, Australia. Irene Tamborra University of Copenhagen, Denmark. for pioneering contributions to understanding the role of neutrinos in astronomy and astrophysics.

Irene Tamborra completed her under- graduate studies in Physics, all Cum Laude, at the University of Bari in Her PhD thesis focused on neutrinos in astrophysics and cosmology. She then won a prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship at the Max Planck Institute for Physics. She continued to work on neutrino flavour conversions in dense media while expanding towards astrophysics.

In , Irene joined the GRavitational AstroParticle Physics Amsterdam GRAPPA Center of Excellence at the University of Amsterdam. Close interactions with the astronomers guided her on the modelling of the microphysics of cosmic accelerators through multi-wavelength data.

In , Irene joined the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen as Knud H�jgaard Assistant Professor and won a Villum Young Investigator Grant. In , Irene was promoted Associate Professor and awarded a career-development grant from the University of Copenhagen. More recently, she has received a competitive Sapere Aude grant from the Danish Council for Independent Research and a Distinguished Associate Professor Fellowship from the Carlsberg Foundation.

She is also Mercator Fellow for the Collaborative Research Centre at the Max Planck Institutes for Physics and Astrophysics. Irene Tamborra has made pioneering work in advancing our understanding of the role of neutrinos in extreme astrophysical sources.

Among many examples, she has discovered the LESA instability, the first hydrodynamical instability occurring in core-collapse supernovae completely driven by neutrinos.

She has proposed innovative ideas concerning the exploration of astrophysical transients by using neutrinos as probes, and has demonstrated a highly original research approach connecting the theoretical modelling of the microphysics of astrophysical transients to observations.

This led to unravel fundamental properties of neutrinos in dense matter, to unveil the impact of neutrinos on the production of the heavy elements and the dynamics of transient astrophysical sources, as well as to highlight the promising approach of using neutrinos as probes of the inner working of extreme astrophysical sources.

The work of Irene Tamborra has been conducted at the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, at Max Planck Institutes for Physics and Astrophysics, Germany, at GRAPPA, Center of Excellence of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and at the Department of Physics, University of Bari, Italy.

for the study of the imprint of the large-scale structure of the Universe on galaxy formation and cosmology. Sandrine Codis graduated from the Ecole Normale Sup�rieure Paris in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. She obtained her PhD at the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris IAP from September to September She then became a CITA post-doctoral fellow in Toronto.

She is now a CNRS permanent researcher at IAP, France. Sandrine Codis works on the theoretical modelling of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is particularly interested in cosmology, weak lensing, cosmic web and galaxy formation.

She is also a member of the Euclid consortium, an ESA's space mission dedicated to mapping Dark Matter in the Universe and characterising the equation of state of the Dark Energy, potentially responsible for the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe. Sandrine Codis' PhD thesis focused on the theoretical understanding and modelling of the large-cale structure of the Universe.

She was particularly interested in addressing some of the challenges that the field of large-scale structure studies needs to overcome to extract the marrow of the gigantic precision datasets that will be produced by future galaxy surveys like ESA's cornerstone Euclid mission and LSST.

She successfully developed innovative tools to probe from first principles the non-linear regime of structure formation and tackle systematic effects such as redshift space distortion and intrinsic alignment of galaxies which compromise high precision large-scale structure measurements.

For that purpose, she developed new mathematical models and was involved in the post-processing and scientific analysis of massive N-body and hydrodynamical simulations. Her publications are already references in the field and span a wide range of topics from cosmology to galaxy formation.

The quality of her thesis was recently honoured as the best PhD in astronomy by the Soci�t� Fran�aise d'Astronomie et d'Astrophysique. The PhD thesis of Sandrine Codis was conducted at the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris IAP , with a degree delivered by the Universit� Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, under the supervision of Christophe Pichon IAP and Dmitri Pogosyan University of Alberta.

for the observational characterisation of the physical properties of the galaxies that formed in the first billion years of cosmic time. Renske Smit earned her undergraduate and PhD degrees at Leiden University in the Netherlands. During her master thesis she secured a scholarship to pursue part of her degree at the University of California, Berkeley.

For her PhD she conducted research into the formation and evolution of the first galaxies using cutting-edge observational facilities.

She then began her postdoctoral career at the Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy at Durham University.

In she was awarded a Rubicon grant by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO based on her thesis work. She is currently working as an independent research fellow at the Kavli Institute for Cosmology at the University of Cambridge, UK. Renske Smit's doctoral research focused on the study of very distant galaxies, seen in the first few billion years of cosmic history, using the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes.

Her studies were among the first to obtain genuine insight into the physical conditions of these galaxies, paving the way for detailed follow-up studies with ground-based instrumentation. Her research established that emission lines associated with the formation of massive, young stars often dominate the broadband flux of distant galaxies.

This work resolved a major discord between observations and theoretical models of the evolution of galaxies in the early Universe. Renske Smit's innovative work also enabled her to identify new galaxies in the Epoch of Reionisation; spectroscopic follow-up of these sources with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array allowed her to obtain the first measurement of velocity structure in galaxies at this early epoch.

As a member of the NIRSpec Guaranteed Time Observations GTO Galaxy Assembly team, Renske Smit is now preparing for the forthcoming revolution promised by the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope.

The PhD thesis of Renske Smit was conducted at the University of Leiden, under the supervision of Dr. Rychard Bouwens. for a PhD thesis on cutting-edge concepts of compact polychromatic spectropolarimeters adapted to astrophysical space mission requirements in the UV domain.

Martin Pertenais has obtained an optical engineer degree from the prestigious Engineer School Institut d'Optique Graduate School IOGS in Paris and a Master in photonics from the University of Jena. He then undertook a PhD thesis in instrumentation for astrophysics at the Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plan�tologie in Toulouse and at the Paris Observatory on "Stellar UV and Visible spectropolarimetry from space".

This allowed him in particular to successfully lead the Arago Payload consortium and to innovate in new technologies for spectropolarimetry. After his PhD thesis, he moved on a position at DLR as the Optical System Engineer for PLATO.

In parallel, he keeps working on new spectropolarimeter designs and co-supervises a PhD student on this topic for the NASA mission LUVOIR. The goal of Martin Pertenais' PhD thesis was to find innovative concepts of spectropolarimeters, to build the first ever space mission equipped with a high-resolution spectropolarimeter working on a wide wavelength range including the UV domain.

In Toulouse, he performed theoretical calculations and simulations for two different original concepts of polarimeters that he formulated. The first one is an inventive static polarimeter using birefringent wedges as polarisation spatial modulator.

The second concept used a classical rotating polarimeter, albeit optimised to get constant efficiencies for the extraction of the Stokes parameters from to nm. The result is an ingenious very compact polarimeter working with the same polarimetric efficiency over a very large spectral range, including the UV.

While in Paris Martin Pertenais created prototypes of both concepts to demonstrate experimentally his very encouraging theoretical results. He built and tested both prototypes, which showed excellent experimental results, increasing the Technology Readiness Level for these innovative technologies.

Martin Pertenais also tested one of the two prototypes on the sky on real stars. In October he received the "Young Researcher Award" granted by the French CNES agency. Martin Pertenais was an essential member of the core team of the Arago international space mission project, a M4 and M5 ESA candidate mission.

The PhD thesis of Martin Pertenais was conducted at the Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plan�tologie in Toulouse and at the Paris Observatory in Meudon, with a degree delivered by the Universit� Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, under the supervision of Coralie Neiner and Pascal Petit.

Selma E. de Mink. for her major contributions to our understanding of the role of binarity as one of the dominant physical parameters for massive stars. Selma de Mink completed her graduate studies in physics and math all Cum Laude at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

She continued with a PhD in theoretical astrophysics completed in She was then awarded the prestigious NASA Hubble fellowship, which she used to start her independent line of research at the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

In she was awarded numerous fellowships and she chose to combine NASA's Einstein fellowship with the Princeton Lyman Spitzer fellowship, allowing her to spend her time between Carnegie Observatories, the TAPIR institute for theoretical astrophysics and relativity at the California Institute of Technology and Princeton University.

In she returned to Europe to start to build her own research group as a MacGillavry assistant professor at the University of Amsterdam. Since then she was awarded a Marie Curie Fellowship and an ERC starting grant Selma de Mink made a very large impact across different sub-disciplines in astrophysics by pushing our understanding of the role that binarity and rotation play in the complicated lives of massive stars.

Her work has been absolutely crucial in changing the long held "single star paradigm" for massive stars. Although it was known before that massive binaries are common and give rise to various exciting phenomena, she and her collaborators showed that this property is necessary for a complete explanation of the main-sequence properties of massive stars, their diverse explosion channels and their various compact object remnants.

Her theoretical work had large impact on the debate about the origin of merging binary black holes, as recently detected by the LIGO gravitational wave detector. Her early detailed simulations allowed her to explore new theories for the evolution of very close compact binary systems where the stars experience internal mixing processes.

Selma de Mink is also recognised for her refreshing ideas challenging long-held beliefs, in particular on the possible role of massive binaries in explaining multiple populations in globular clusters. The work of Selma de Mink has been conducted at the Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, at the Carnegie Observatories and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA, at the Space Telescope Science Institute and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA, at the Argelander Institut in Bonn, Germany, and at the Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

Kevin Schawinski. Kevin Schawinski was a graduate student at Oxford University from during which time he co-founded the Galaxy Zoo citizen science project. For his thesis on the role of black holes in the quenching of star formation in early-type galaxies, Kevin received the Royal Astronomical Society's Michael Penston prize for the best thesis in astronomy in the UK.

He remained in Oxford for several months as the Henry Skynner Junior Research Fellow at Balliol College, Oxford before moving to Prof. Megan Urry's group at Yale University. He was awarded a NASA Einstein Fellowship and remained at Yale until , working with the latest deep field observations from the Hubble, XMM-Newton and Chandra space telescopes.

He moved to ETH Zurich in Switzerland as an Assistant Professor with a Swiss National Fund professorship grant where he now leads the black hole astrophysics group. He is strongly engaged in citizen science, recruiting large numbers of people from the general public to engage with science.

Kevin Schawinski has made major advances in the observational understanding of the feedback exerted on a galaxy by outflows from an active, super-massive back hole at its centre.

He also used stellar evolution to build phenomenological models of galaxy evolution. Using stars as "cosmic clocks", he constrained the phases in the evolution of galaxies during which their central black holes become active as quasars.

He showed using observations that while many disk galaxies — like our Milky Way — cease their star formation activity very slowly over billions of years, some galaxies whose morphology was transformed by a major galaxy merger to an elliptical shape shut down their star formation very quickly.

The most plausible cause for this sudden end of star formation is that a very brief active phase by the black hole destroys the gas reservoir used as fuel for star formation. As a co-founder of the Galaxy Zoo project he involved several hundred thousand citizen scientists to classify nearly a million galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

The discovery of the famous "Hanny's Voorwerp" by a Dutch school teacher taking part in Galaxy Zoo became a prototypical system for quasar ionisation echoes tracing the past energetic output of central black holes. Kevin Schawinski showed that such echoes limit the duration of a typical quasar phase to only a few hundred thousand years.

The work of Kevin Schawinski has been conducted at Oxford University in the United Kingdom , Yale University and ETH Zurich in Switzerland for his unique and pioneering work on innovative astronomical instrumentation, based on active systems, freeform optics and curved focal planes.

Emmanuel Hugot is a French astrophysicist, expert in innovative instrumentation and, since , leader of the Research and Development Group at the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille LAM. In , he completed his Master Thesis on "Optics, Image and Signal" at the Aix Marseille University AMU and started a PhD Thesis completed in at the LAM.

He has been awarded the young researcher prize of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics in , and received in the CNRS bronze medal delivered to early career scientists. He defended his accreditation Thesis at AMU in Besides his management activities with the science team at LAM, he is now leading an ERC-funded programme to enable compact, high-quality and affordable instrumentation for the future giant observatories, based on the revolutionary combination of freeform optics and curved detectors.

Emmanuel Hugot's interests in instrumentation are broad, from the manufacturing of super-polished freeform optics for cutting-edge instrumentation, to the development of a new type of focal planes using variable curvature detectors, thus leading to compact and cost-effective instrumentation, crucial for the E-ELT or the post-JWST generation such as the LUVOIR observatory currently under study at NASA.

His work has also a multi-disciplinary impact, as it involves imaging science with applications in many fields, from bio-medical science to artistic projects. One of his main achievement is the concept and building of the first active mirror ever used in an extreme adaptive optics system.

Installed in on the Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet REsearch SPHERE instrument of ESO's Very Large Telescope VLT , this system demonstrates the gain of smart flexible optics for sharp and accurate astronomical observations and triggered worldwide interest on this technique.

The work of Emmanuel Hugot has been conducted entirely at the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, a world-leading lab in the field of astronomical instrumentation, but with international and industrial collaborations, clearly enhancing the impact of his activities. for her thesis on radiative instabilities and particle acceleration in high-energy plasmas with applications to relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts.

Maria Petropoulou received her Bachelor Degree in Physics , Master Diploma in Astrophysics as well as her PhD Degree in Physics from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.

She has been awarded the "Best PhD Thesis Prize " from the Hellenic Astronomical Society. Just before her PhD Thesis defence, she has been awarded the NASA Einstein Fellowship for Post Doctoral research on the subject of "High energy radiation, neutrino and cosmic ray production from relativistic outflows".

She has published 20 articles in refereed journals, which reflect her research interests in emission processes and neutrino production from active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts. She is now a Post Doctoral Einstein Fellow at Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA.

Maria Petropoulou's PhD thesis has a main focus on the theoretical study of plasma properties in compact energetic sources such as Active Galactic Nuclei AGNs and Gamma Ray Bursts GRBs. Such extremely luminous sources in remote galaxies emit gamma-rays originating in a relativistic jet powered by a black hole.

While most studies consider only the electrons in the jet and neglect the influence of the protons, Maria Petropoulou developed equations for a full treatment of plasmas containing magnetic field, relativistic protons and electrons, and photons.

She then solved these equations via both numerical and analytical methods to describe the radiative instabilities in the ejected plasmas, which exhibit a rich temporal behaviour of prey-predator type. As a final step, she confronted her model to observations of the archetypical gamma-ray emitting blazar 3C A theoretical study of the spectral and timing emission of GRB afterglows complements her PhD work.

The PhD thesis of Maria Petropoulou was entirely conducted at the University of Athens, Greece, under the supervision of Prof. Apostolos Mastichiadis. for his thesis on the simplicity of the evolving galaxy population and the origin of the Schechter form of the galaxy stellar mass function.

Yingjie Peng is born in the Sichuan province in the southwest of China, near Tibet. Being ranked first in his city in the national evaluation, he was admitted by Beijing Normal University to study astrophysics as an undergraduate student.

During this study, he spent one year in Tokyo Gakugei University in Japan to study Japanese history and culture. From to , he was awarded the prestigious Erasmus Mundus Fellowship from European Commission to join the double-master degree program, studying Space Technology at Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg in Germany, Luleå University of Technology in Sweden, and astrophysics at the university Paul Sabatier Toulouse III in France.

Then he joined the PhD program in observational cosmology at ETH Zurich in under the supervision of Prof. Simon Lilly, and obtained his PhD in He was awarded the ETH Medal for his outstanding PhD Thesis. He then moved to the UK as a research associate at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge and was awarded the prestigious Royal Astronomical Society Research Fellowship in for his high-impact research in observational cosmology.

In October , he moved from Cambridge to Beijing, China, joining the Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics at Peking University, as a tenure-track Assistant Professor.

Yingjie Peng's PhD thesis focused on the analysis of high quality data from large sky surveys both locally and at high redshift, and introduced a novel phenomenological, observationally-based approach to study the formation and evolution of the galaxy population.

The goal was to use the observational material as directly as possible in order to identify the simplest empirical "laws" for the evolution of the population. This approach has successfully explained the origin of the Schechter form of the stellar mass function and reproduced many observed essential features of the evolving galaxy population over cosmic time.

The associated papers Peng et al. The PhD thesis of Yingjie Peng was carried out at the Institute for Astronomy at ETH Zurich, Switzerland between October and September , under the supervision of Prof.

Simon Lilly. for his thesis on an innovative design of two subsystems for the VLTI instrument GRAVITY: the fibre coupler and the guiding system. Oliver Pfuhl studied at the Technical University Munich and joined the Max- Planck-Institute for extraterrestrial physics MPE for his Diploma Thesis.

Mas, além de ajudar no momento da troca de marcha, sabia que ele pode ser um grande aliado para economia de combustível? Cada modelo tem o torque máximo especificado em algum momento no conta-giros, mas, a troca de marchas e o momento certo para fazê-lo pode ser observado justamente no painel.

Alguns carros te dão uma colinha e mostram no cluster a hora de subir ou descer a marcha. Entretanto, se você não quiser olhar no manual do veículo, basta seguir os ouvidos e o que o conta-giros mostra.

A maioria dos conta-giros vem com a grafia de números de 1 a 8 ou 1 a 6 rpm, sempre com a informação de que esse algarismo está sendo multiplicado por 1. Se você tiver um carro com marcações de 10 a 80 ou 10 a 60 rpm, pode reparar que a multiplicação é por Para trazer mais economia de combustível, a troca de marcha na hora certa é fundamental.

Se o seu carro possui um conta-giros, o ideal é realizar o movimento entre 2 mil e 3 mil rpm, tanto para mais quanto para menos. Nesse momento, o motor não está "gritando", ou seja, sendo menos forçado.

Em velocidades maiores, a marcha, claro, também será alta. Repare que, nesse momento, o conta-giros estará trabalhando em uma faixa entre 1. Isso indica que o motor está em sua melhor faixa de eficiência energética.

Para as arrancadas, o conceito é o mesmo. Na saída, é natural que o carro force um pouco mais, mas a troca de marcha também deve ser rápida.