Variaciones del Blackjack Atlantic City -
Pontoon remains the name of the informal and domestic British game, and, as a two-card count of 21 is called a pontoon, the term has come to be used for a prison term of 21 months or years, if you're not careful.
In America the name Vingt- et -un was replaced by Blackjack early in the 20th century. The explanation for this is said to lie with a particular casino that paid extra for a natural consisting specifically of the spade Ace and a black Jack - which sounds plausible and is often repeated, though no one has yet offered any documentary evidence for it.
John Scarne claimed that as early as the inscription "Blackjack pays odds of 3 to 2" was to be found on felt table layouts supplied by a Chicago gambling equipment distributor, but acknowledges only hearsay evidence for his assertion.
A major problem in describing Twenty-One to anyone who doesn't already know it, such as a Martian emerging from a life-long coma, is that, despite its basic simplicity, it is played in so many different ways. Or perhaps this is not so surprising after all, though, as the hallmark of any simple gaming idea is that its very simplicity allows of creative variations of individual detail.
The basic essentials of the game, albeit subject to elaborations and variations, are as follows. The players place their initial bets, in accordance with agreed limits, and the dealer deals everyone two cards each.
Whether they are dealt face up or face down is one of many variables. The dealer then asks each player in turn whether they wish to be dealt additional cards. A player who is satisfied with their hand will "stand" or "stick'. Otherwise, they may ask for another card 'hit' , and may keep doing so until they either stand or bust.
If you bust, you throw his hand in and lose your stake. Unless everyone else has bust, the dealer then reveals his cards and also either stands or draws additional cards until he either stands or busts.
If he busts, he matches and pays the stakes of those who didn't. If not, he pays those with a higher count, and wins the stakes of those with a lower. Probably no one actually lays the game in as basic a form as this, but for the purpose of this article there is no point in giving detailed rules of any particular variety: you can find all you want in any current card-game book or relevant online web site.
It will be more useful to outline the range of variations and elaborations that you're likely to come across whether playing online, in a casino, or in a private game.
Vingt-et-un Twenty-One first appears as an upper class or at least socially respectable game in 18th-century France, perhaps around It is not mentioned in earlier editions of the Académie des Jeux, and its first appearance in an English Hoyle is that of edited by Charles Jones.
But this is not the earliest appearance of all, for a much earlier literary reference places an almost identical predecessor in Spain at least a century before.
In Miguel Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote , published Novelas ejemplares , a collection of twelve short stories about various contemporary characters and social tensions. One such story is entitled Rinconete y Cortadillo , these being the names of a couple of rogues and vagabonds. One of the characters involved says:.
There are two points of interest to note here. The first is social, in that the context reveals the character of the game to be distinctly low class. This would explain why no account of its rules appears before the 18th century, as the earliest books entirely devoted to card games were necessarily written for the literate classes.
The second is technical, in that an Ace counts only 1, not In the absence of evidence to the contrary, we may speculate that what brought the game into social prominence in the 18th century was the novel idea of ascribing to the Ace its alternative higher value of This makes for a much more interesting game, as it becomes possible to reach 21 on just two cards instead of the three implied by Cervantes, which speeds the game up and gives the player an additional chance of drawing without busting.
So what about the game of Veintiuna itself? Do we now credit Spain with its invention and suggest that it dates from, let's say, the late 16th century?
Probably not, because Twenty-One itself is clearly a natural evolutionary development of the much earlier game of Thirty-One that seems to have been popular throughout western Europe from the middle of the 15th century, making it one of the oldest gambling card games of all.
The technical identity of these two games, given only the reduction of the target count from 31 to 21, is proved by a description of it dating from the late 17th century. Some time in the s a Nottinghamshire gentleman by the name of Francis Willughby kept a large notebook in which he recorded the descriptions of as many games as came his way, and, being of a mathematical turn of mind, he was particularly interested in card games.
Thirty-One, which he calls "the first and most simple games of cards", heads the list. He explains that each player is dealt three cards from the top of the pack and has the option of either "sticking" or drawing as many more cards as he wishes until he either sticks or busts by exceeding a total face-count of 31 points.
For this purpose face cards count 10 each and others their face value, Ace being 1 only not an optional A count of exactly 31 is called a "hitter" and wins a double stake unless the dealer also has one.
As Willughby rightly notes:. Thirty-One is first mentioned by name in a French translation of a sermon preached in by an Italian monk now known as St Bernadine of Siena , the patron saint of gamblers and, curiously, of public relations personnel. Bernadine was famed for his preaching against gaming.
He is said to have done so at Bologna in so persuasively that the populace consigned their cards in thousands to a public bonfire. Thereafter, Thirty-One appears in almost every ephemeral list of currently popular games, such lists being contained mostly in sermons preached against gaming and in town ordinances or bye-laws specifying which games were and were not allowed to be played in public.
Rabelais cites it as one of the many games played by his literary giant, Gargantua, in Book I, chapter 22 , and it appears under its German name einunddreissig in Fischart's Geschichtklitterung , which is more of an expanded paraphrase than a literal translation of Gargantua.
Rounding up more of the usual suspects in the historical context, we find it mentioned by Berni in his little book on Primiera , and by Cardano in his classic Book on Games of Chance Cardano, indeed, confuses the issue by separately mentioning a game featuring significant totals ranging from 20 to 22 in increments of one-half, but the relevant passage is somewhat garbled in its original Latin, and the name of the game, Fluxus, suggests that it refers to ways of valuing a flush.
It may or may not be significant that in the Italian game of Primiera, a forerunner of Poker, an Ace itself is valued at But that's another story. In its pure form, Thirty-One survived into the 18th century and even into the 19th, albeit perhaps only in books.
In Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing-Cards , William Chatto quotes from a commentary on A Kerry Pastoral of , which maintains that "The favourite game of the Kerry men is said to have been One-and-Thirty", and goes on to observe that.
Here, however, he seems to be confusing Thirty-One with the Veintiuna, or Twenty-One, mentioned by Cervantes. Thirty-One seems to have lasted well into the 19th century, at least in France.
It and Twenty-One are both covered in the same chapter of Le Salon des Jeux of about Here, Thirty-One is said to be played with Ace counting 1 or 11, a practice possibly borrowed from its more illustrious descendant. More remarkably, the editor comments that "Trente-et-un is more generally played than Vingt-et-un" p.
The practice of drawing or playing cards up to 31 is not unique to Thirty-One, but from the earliest times found itself grafted on to other games. Drawing to 31 also forms the third part of several three-part gambling games dating from the 17th century, including the French Belle, Flux et Trente-et-un, and the English Bone-Ace described in both Cotton's Compleat Gamester of and Willughby's Book of Games c It is also a feature of the 19th-century game of Commerce.
Playing additively up to 31 is, of course, a principal component of Cribbage and its 16th-century ancestor Noddy. Cotton also describes a rather puerile game called Wit and Reason, in which one player takes all the red cards and one all the black; each in turn plays a card after the manner of Cribbage; and whoever brings the total above 31 loses.
As we have already noted, Vingt-et-un became a major game in 18th-century France, perhaps owing its attractiveness to the novelty of counting an Ace as 1 or 11 ad lib and correspondingly reducing the number of cards dealt from three as in Thirty-One to two, with the further possibility of being dealt a winning hand immediately.
It is recorded as being Napoleon's favourite card game, especially when in exile on Elba and, subsequently, St Helena. Contrary to popular legend, he is not known to have played any form of solitaire, and it would certainly not have been in character for him to do so.
His example notwithstanding, however, the new game achieved especial popularity among the ladies, and it is to them that we owe many of the earliest references. Vingt-un was reputedly the favourite game of Mme du Barry, the unfortunate mistress of Louis XV. Born Jeanne Becu in , the daughter of a butcher, her beauty led her to enjoy a chequered career before she met Louis at age She was unmarried at the time, and, in order to comply with the peculiar conventions of the French court, was required to marry someone else before she could become the royal mistress.
For this purpose she chose her unofficial lover's brother, Guillaume du Barry. Thus qualified, she took up her new post of acknowledged royal mistress, and, transcending her humble origins, subsequently proved a patron of artists and intellectuals besides becoming a friend of Voltaire.
The death of Louis in led to a dramatic decline in her fortunes, and, by a somewhat roundabout route, she was eventually accused of working against the revolutionary government and guillotined in One of the earliest English references to Vingt-et-un occurs in the diary of the Duchess of Northumberland in 7 June, to be precise , where she reports herself as playing "Vingt et un till supper-time".
In a certain A. Bower noted in his diary or correspondence - the Oxford English Dictionary is unclear which "I was sat down with every Miss in Winchester to play Vingt une". But for one of the best commentaries on its status at this period we turn to one of the best novelists of this or any other period of English literature.
Jane Austen refers to card games so often and so percipiently in her works as to show that must herself have been a keen player. Here's what she has to say about the game in her unfinished novel The Watsons , written about Vingt-et-un is the game particularly associated with the first, or first well-known, women gamblers of the Old West.
One of the earliest was a certain Madame Simone Jules, an attractive, dark-haired woman in her twenties who was employed from around as a roulette croupier at San Francisco's Bella Union casino.
She was of some refinement, a novelty which led to sufficient success for other casinos to start employing women in order to compete. Refinement apart, she was also known as or suspected of being a cardsharp, with a particular interest and ability in Twenty-One.
She seems to have disappeared mysteriously in , and her story might well have been forgotten had it not been for the coincidental appearance later that year of a strikingly similar woman calling herself Madame Eleanore Dumont, who descended from a stagecoach at Nevada City to take up a chastely solitudinous residence in a top hotel.
Within a week she had rented a room on Broad Street and set up a Vingt-et-Un table, which she ran herself, for the entertainment of local gold miners. She was immediately perceived to be an attractive, dark-haired woman in her twenties, and the more observant and better-travelled denizens of that city might have commented that the traces of a fine, downy hair on her upper lip, which in later life were to grow so prominent as to earn her the undesirably distinctive nickname "Madame Moustache", had also been a feature of the erstwhile Simone Jules.
Nor was the distinctive element of refinement lacking. Madame Dumont insisted that her clients remove their hats but not their jackets and should neither brawl nor swear in her presence, and firmly but charmingly discouraged any form of intimacy with the bank herself.
So charming was she that her establishment prospered, enabling her to expand into larger and plusher premises. In a couple of years, however, the pannings grew thin, with a corresponding effect on her takings, and she found herself obliged to seek new horizons.
She subsequently became a more or less itinerant gambler, began to fill out and to lose her looks, and within 20 years or so was running a two-storey establishment with a casino on one floor and a brothel on the other.
She never regained her former glory -, for that matter, her former chastity -and is said to have descended into unprofitable liaisons with various untrustworthy paramours.
In her body was fished from the river about a mile out of Bodie. The cause was poisoning and the verdict suicide. It is said that she had heard herself referred to as "Madame Moustache" once too often.
On the European side of the Atlantic throughout the 19th century Vingt- et -un remained popular primarily as a somewhat genteel family or parlour or "round" game -that is, one for no specific number of players.
You can get the flavour of the game as it was then perceived from Cassell's Book of Indoor Amusements, Card Games and Fireside Fun , which introduces it as follows:. Such domestic popularity was particularly the case in Britain, which, until fairly recently, has never sanctioned the existence of public casinos.
In the 19th century and well into the 20th, the big money players have been confined to private clubs, making such play possible only to bona fide members. This is not to say that the game was played only by the gentility.
On the contrary, since the urge to gamble is no respecter of classes, and Vingt- et -Un is a quick and easy and jolly way of doing it with cards, it was widely played wherever large quantities of men found themselves living in one another's company, such as schools, universities, pubs, working men's clubs, and especially the armed forces.
It is very difficult to follow the evolution of games during periods of upheaval, as the second decade of the 20th century uniquely was, but it seems to be around the time of the First World War that the distinctively British game of Pontoon evolved its most characteristic features, such as five-card tricks and royal flushes, and, above all, its most distinctive name.
In a poll was commissioned by Waddington's Playing Card Company now defunct to discover what were currently the most popular card games in Britain. When asked what card game respondents had last played, Pontoon came third with a response of 26 per cent, following Whist with 28 and Rummy with 32 per cent.
Meanwhile, on the American side, Vingt- et -Un had become Blackjack by the start of the 20th century, and under that name remained a staple of casino play, though not occupying the prominent position that it holds today.
Perhaps because of the stabilising influence of casinos, the private game did not develop as distinctively as the equivalent British Pontoon. John Scarne, though of dubious authority in many aspects of the subject, was on trustworthy home ground when he observed in Scarne on Cards , p.
My own observation was the World War II armed forces' most popular card game". Surprisingly, Blackjack did not figure in a survey conducted by the United States Playing-Card Company in , which discovered the most popular games to be, first, Bridge, then Pinochle, Rummy, Five Hundred, Poker, Whist, Solitaire, and Hearts.
The Canasta craze had yet to break. However, it's interesting to note the order of events in John Crawford's book entitled "How to be a consistent winner in the most popular card games", namely: Bridge, Poker, Gin Rummy, Canasta, Pinochle, Blackjack, Hearts, Crib, and Pitch.
By this time, however, Las Vegas had become transformed from a desert outpost to a gambler's paradise, and Blackjack was about to be subjected to a technical assault that was to see the casino game dominate the attention of all who also played the private game, and this to such an extent as nowadays even to threaten the lovably eccentric British game of Pontoon.
This assault coincided with the introduction of card-counting. A major attraction of Blackjack as a gambling game is the possibility, well known even before being so genteelly pointed out in Cassell's Book of things and whatnots see above , of being able to supply sufficient intelligence to one's play as to reduce the dealer's advantage to a minimum -especially in the home game, where the dealer has more freedom of play, so that a clever player can, in the long run, always overcome a relatively naïve dealer.
The simplest way of applying mathematical intelligence to the game is to know what the odds are in any given situation. The essentials of what is known as "Basic Strategy" can be formulated and tabulated in such terms as:. Rules of this type are particularly valuable in casino play, where the dealer has no option but to comply with house rules.
They can be printed on a card, and most casinos don't object to anyone referring to their Basic Strategy Card before deciding on a course of action. Such a card is one of several that came free with every copy of the first edition of Edward O Thorp's epoch-making book "Beat the Dealer" in Thorp, a young mathematics professor at MIT with a particular interest in probability theory, had started exploring detailed implications of a fact that had certainly struck players before but had to wait for the advent of computer analysis -now available to modern young mathematics professors -before it could be developed into an accurate workable system.
This critical fact is the nature of Blackjack as a non-replacement game. That is, so long as cards are dealt from the top of the pack, and it is not shuffled before the last card has been dealt, the composition of the pack changes with each fresh deal, since the proportion of high to low cards that it contains is constantly changing.
One thing to keep in mind about this variation is that it disallows resplitting. Another popular take on online Atlantic City Blackjack is the one supplied by the WGS Technology studio. This one allows you to play up to five betting spots at a time.
The payout plays a crucial role as it determines whether or not they are able to make a profit in the long term and should be always taken into account prior to playing. In order to make sure they will be able to apply their strategy correctly, it is always best to double check the rules in advance.
The bonus payout for a blackjack works to the advantage of the player and decreases the house edge. Respectively, the higher the reduction in the bonus odds, the greater the house edge becomes.
A 3 to 2 payout results in net gains of one and a half times your original bet. For example, a £10 wager would earn you £15 in net profits from your blackjack. Games that pay at odds of 6 to 5 are, in essence, unplayable. This lower payout gains you only £12 per every £10 wagered, which leads to a significant reduction in your long-term expectation from blackjacks.
Professional players always advise against playing at such tables, arguing that if everyone ignores them, the casinos will have no other option but to remove them from their floors.
On a more positive note, online players should not worry about this since the vast majority of Atlantic City Blackjack variants available on the web pay at the conventional odds of 3 to 2.
There is a silver lining for landbased casino players in the US, too. Gamblers on the East Coast had a limited choice of casinos several decades ago since legal gaming was restricted to Atlantic City only.
However, things have changed in recent times, with many states on the East Coast introducing gambling regulations on their territory. Usually, this happens because state authorities are looking to generate greater revenue from taxes. Therefore, landbased players currently have a greater choice of options and can scout for tables that offer more liberal rules of play and decent odds.
If you do not like the conditions in a certain venue, you can always go to another one. As usual, players should consider the concrete rules inherent to Atlantic City Blackjack before they play online or head to their local landbased casino.
This is because the casino advantage in blackjack is additive. Each rule at the table gives or takes from the house edge.
Furthermore, you will enjoy an almost break-even game on condition you play with accurate basic strategy. The latter is impacted by house rules such as the dealer hitting or standing on soft 17 , the number of allowed splits, the lack of late surrender, and doubling after splitting.
The number of packs a given table uses also matters. You cannot expect to achieve accuracy and boost your expectation by using a strategy chart for a single-deck game in eight-deck variations like Atlantic City Blackjack.
As already mentioned, one of the biggest advantages of the Atlantic City is that its combination of rules work in favour of the players as the house edge is one of the lowest in comparison to the rest of the variations.
For instance, a rule which is advantageous for them is that the dealer peeks for Blackjack which prevents them from losing more money by doubling down and splitting. Moreover, the variations in which the dealer stands on soft 17 are not many due to the fact that this move benefits the players and whenever they bump into such a version, they should give it a try.
One thing that can be considered as a drawback is the fact that the game is usually played with eight decks which is not very convenient for card counters.
The high number of decks will make the card counting process very difficult to conduct. It is no secret that in order to apply their chosen system correctly they need to be extremely focused which can be a very challenging task to cope with as the casino setting is always full of distractions and temptations.
This is not good for basic strategists, either, since, the greater the deck number, the higher the house edge they face. Moreover, as already indicated players should always double check the payout for Blackjack as some casinos tend to change it which can significantly worsen their chances of making a decent profit in the long term.
It is extremely important to take this factor into account as it determines whether or not one variation is worth the shot as after all what makes gambling interesting is the possibility to make a profit.
Atlantic City Blackjack is one of the most popular variations of the game because it offers one of the lowest house edges you can possibly hope to find at a casino. It is available in many casinos and can be found online as well.
This is extremely convenient for players who like to play from the comfort of their surroundings. Before playing, it is best to double-check the rules of the game as they can vary from one place to another. It is a version that is both interesting and challenging. This is the reason why so many players choose to give it a try.
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